Extracellular fluid volume12/5/2023 ![]() Salt (sodium chloride) is essential for life. (More information)Īdditional adverse health outcomes, including gastric cancer, osteoporosis, and kidney stones, have also been linked to sodium overconsumption. Yet, current evidence fails to support a decrease in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with moderate sodium restriction in patients with hypertension. Randomized controlled studies demonstrated that dietary sodium reduction (by 1.8 to 3.2 g/day) could lower blood pressure in subjects with elevated blood pressure. (More information)Įxcess dietary sodium is a major contributor to hypertension, which is a leading preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. ![]() Sodium has been identified as a nutrient of public health concern for overconsumption. (More information)Ĭurrent sodium intakes of the US adult population far exceed the CDRR. The National Academy of Medicine established a Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR) for sodium of 2.3 g/day (5.8 g/day of salt) for adults based on evidence of potential long-term health benefits on blood pressure and risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease associated with reducing sodium intakes below this level. ![]() In 2019, the National Academy of Medicine established an adequate intake ( AI) for sodium of 1.5 grams (g)/day in adults, equivalent to 3.8 g/day of sodium chloride (salt). Mild chronic hyponatremia with long-term adverse health effects, such as attention deficits, gait instability, falls, and bone loss and fractures, has been associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. (More information)Īcute severe hyponatremia may lead to brain edema with neurologic consequences and be lethal if not promptly diagnosed and treated. Hyponatremia also occurs in up to 30% of hospitalized patients. Hyponatremia (abnormally low sodium concentrations in blood) is common among older adults and in individuals with hypertension, kidney disease, and heart disease. Various mechanisms act on the kidney to ensure that the amount of sodium lost via renal excretion compensates adequately for the amount of sodium consumed, thereby maintaining sodium homeostasis. Disturbances in sodium concentrations in the extracellular fluid are associated with disorders of water balance. Sodium and chloride - major electrolytes of the fluid compartment outside of cells (i.e., extracellular) - work together to control extracellular volume and blood pressure. The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake.Healthcare Professional Continuing Education.Chlorophyll and Metallo-Chlorophyll Derivatives. ![]()
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